Enhancing resilience in distributed networks in the face of malicious agents is an important problem for which many key theoretical results and applications require further development and characterization. This work focuses on the problem of distributed optimization in multi-agent cyberphysical systems, where a legitimate agent's dynamic is influenced both by the values it receives from potentially malicious neighboring agents, and by its own self-serving target function. We develop a new algorithmic and analytical framework to achieve resilience for the class of problems where stochastic values of trust between agents exist and can be exploited. In this case we show that convergence to the true global optimal point can be recovered, both in mean and almost surely, even in the presence of malicious agents. Furthermore, we provide expected convergence rate guarantees in the form of upper bounds on the expected squared distance to the optimal value. Finally, we present numerical results that validate the analytical convergence guarantees we present in this paper even when the malicious agents compose the majority of agents in the network.

我们为对抗性多机器人群众跨任务中的决策制定开发了一个有弹性的二进制假设测试框架。该框架利用机器人之间的随机信任观察，以在集中式融合中心（FC）中得出可进行的弹性决策，即使I）在网络中存在恶意机器人，其数量可能大于合法机器人的数量，并且II ）FC使用所有机器人的一次性噪声测量。我们得出两种算法来实现这一目标。第一个是两个阶段方法（2SA），该方法基于收到的信任观察估算机器人的合法性，并证明在最严重的恶意攻击中可最大程度地减少检测错误的可能性。在这里，恶意机器人的比例是已知但任意的。对于不明的恶意机器人，我们开发了对抗性的广义似然比测试（A-GLRT），该测试（A-GLRT）都使用报告的机器人测量和信任观察来估计机器人的可信赖性，其报告策略以及同时的正确假设。我们利用特殊的问题结构表明，尽管有几个未知的问题参数，但这种方法仍然可以计算处理。我们在硬件实验中部署了这两种算法，其中一组机器人会在模拟道路网络上进行交通状况的人群，但仍会受到SYBIL攻击的方式。我们从实际通信信号中提取每个机器人的信任观察结果，这些信号提供有关发件人独特性的统计信息。我们表明，即使恶意机器人在大多数情况下，FC也可以将检测误差的可能性降低到2SA和A-GLRT的30.5％和29％。

本文介绍了信息性多臂强盗（IMAB）模型，在每个回合中，玩家选择手臂，观察符号，并以符号的自我信息形式获得未观察到的奖励。因此，手臂的预期奖励是产生其符号的源质量函数的香农熵。玩家的目标是最大程度地提高与武器的熵值相关的预期奖励。在假设字母大小是已知的假设下，为IMAB模型提出了两种基于UCB的算法，该算法考虑了插件熵估计器的偏差。第一种算法在熵估计中乐观地纠正了偏置项。第二算法依赖于数据依赖性置信区间，该置信区间适应具有较小熵值的源。性能保证是通过上限为每种算法的预期遗憾提供的。此外，在Bernoulli案例中，将这些算法的渐近行为与伪遗憾的Lai-Robbins的下限进行了比较。此外，在假设\ textit {cract}字母大小的假设下是未知的，而播放器仅知道其上方的宽度上限，提出了一种基于UCB的算法，在其中，玩家的目的是减少由该算法造成的遗憾。未知的字母尺寸在有限的时间方面。数字结果说明了论文中介绍的算法的预期遗憾。

我们考虑扩展到不可焦躁的多武装强盗（RMAB）问题，具有未知的ARM动态，其中一个未知的外源性Markov过程管理每只臂的卷发布分布。在每个全球状态下，每个手臂的奖励过程根据一个未知的马尔科维亚规则而发展，不同武器之间是非相同的。每次，玩家都选择了一个美元武器的手臂播放，并从有限一套奖励国家接收随机奖励。无论球员的行为如何，武器都不令人焦躁不安，即他们的当地状态。最近关于相关RMAB设置的研究，遗憾被定义为关于了解问题动态的玩家的奖励损失，每次都在每次都可以最大化预期立即值的ARM。目标是制定一个最小化遗憾的武装选择政策。为此，我们在外源马尔可夫过程（LEMP）算法下发展学习。我们理论上分析LEMP并建立遗憾的有限样本。我们表明LEMP与时间达到了对数遗憾的顺序。我们进一步分析了数控LEMP，并存在支持理论发现的仿真结果，并证明LEMP显着优于替代算法。

我们考虑一个集中检测问题，传感器对集中式融合中心进行嘈杂的测量和间歇性连接。传感器可以在预定的传感器集群内本地协作，并融合它们的噪声传感器数据，以达到每个簇中检测到的事件的公共常见估计。每个传感器集群的连接性是间歇性的，并且取决于传感器到融合中心的可用通信机会。在接收到所有连接的传感器集群的估计后，融合中心熔化所接收的估计，以对部署区域进行最终确定事件的发生。我们将该混合通信方案称为云集群架构。我们提出了一种用于优化每个群集的决策规则的方法，并分析由混合动力方案产生的预期检测性能。我们的方法是易行的并且解决了异构传感器和集群检测质量，其通信机会的异质性以及损失功能的非凸起引起的高计算复杂性。我们的分析表明，在用云的低传感器通信概率的情况下，聚类传感器为噪声提供弹性。对于较大的簇，即使使用我们的云集群架构，甚至可以获得低通信概率的检测性能的急剧提高。

Deep neural networks (DNN) have outstanding performance in various applications. Despite numerous efforts of the research community, out-of-distribution (OOD) samples remain significant limitation of DNN classifiers. The ability to identify previously unseen inputs as novel is crucial in safety-critical applications such as self-driving cars, unmanned aerial vehicles and robots. Existing approaches to detect OOD samples treat a DNN as a black box and assess the confidence score of the output predictions. Unfortunately, this method frequently fails, because DNN are not trained to reduce their confidence for OOD inputs. In this work, we introduce a novel method for OOD detection. Our method is motivated by theoretical analysis of neuron activation patterns (NAP) in ReLU based architectures. The proposed method does not introduce high computational workload due to the binary representation of the activation patterns extracted from convolutional layers. The extensive empirical evaluation proves its high performance on various DNN architectures and seven image datasets. ion.

Imperfect information games (IIG) are games in which each player only partially observes the current game state. We study how to learn $\epsilon$-optimal strategies in a zero-sum IIG through self-play with trajectory feedback. We give a problem-independent lower bound $\mathcal{O}(H(A_{\mathcal{X}}+B_{\mathcal{Y}})/\epsilon^2)$ on the required number of realizations to learn these strategies with high probability, where $H$ is the length of the game, $A_{\mathcal{X}}$ and $B_{\mathcal{Y}}$ are the total number of actions for the two players. We also propose two Follow the Regularize leader (FTRL) algorithms for this setting: Balanced-FTRL which matches this lower bound, but requires the knowledge of the information set structure beforehand to define the regularization; and Adaptive-FTRL which needs $\mathcal{O}(H^2(A_{\mathcal{X}}+B_{\mathcal{Y}})/\epsilon^2)$ plays without this requirement by progressively adapting the regularization to the observations.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

We present the Verifee Dataset: a novel dataset of news articles with fine-grained trustworthiness annotations. We develop a detailed methodology that assesses the texts based on their parameters encompassing editorial transparency, journalist conventions, and objective reporting while penalizing manipulative techniques. We bring aboard a diverse set of researchers from social, media, and computer sciences to overcome barriers and limited framing of this interdisciplinary problem. We collect over $10,000$ unique articles from almost $60$ Czech online news sources. These are categorized into one of the $4$ classes across the credibility spectrum we propose, raging from entirely trustworthy articles all the way to the manipulative ones. We produce detailed statistics and study trends emerging throughout the set. Lastly, we fine-tune multiple popular sequence-to-sequence language models using our dataset on the trustworthiness classification task and report the best testing F-1 score of $0.52$. We open-source the dataset, annotation methodology, and annotators' instructions in full length at https://verifee.ai/research to enable easy build-up work. We believe similar methods can help prevent disinformation and educate in the realm of media literacy.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies revolutionize vast fields of society. Humans using these systems are likely to expect them to work in a potentially hyperrational manner. However, in this study, we show that some AI systems, namely large language models (LLMs), exhibit behavior that strikingly resembles human-like intuition - and the many cognitive errors that come with them. We use a state-of-the-art LLM, namely the latest iteration of OpenAI's Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT-3.5), and probe it with the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) as well as semantic illusions that were originally designed to investigate intuitive decision-making in humans. Our results show that GPT-3.5 systematically exhibits "machine intuition," meaning that it produces incorrect responses that are surprisingly equal to how humans respond to the CRT as well as to semantic illusions. We investigate several approaches to test how sturdy GPT-3.5's inclination for intuitive-like decision-making is. Our study demonstrates that investigating LLMs with methods from cognitive science has the potential to reveal emergent traits and adjust expectations regarding their machine behavior.